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The Book of Were-Wolves
by Sabine Baring-Gould, 1865
This full length classic werewolf reference
book is presented courtesy of MythologyWeb.
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CHAPTER XV
ANOMALOUS CASE -- THE HUMAN
HYÆNA.
It is well known that Oriental romance is full of stories of
violators of graves. Eastern superstition attributes to certain
individuals a passion for unearthing corpses and mangling them.
Of a moonlight night weird forms are seen stealing among the
tombs, and burrowing into them with their long nails, desiring
to reach the bodies of the dead ere the first streak of dawn
compels them to retire. These ghouls, as they are called, are
supposed generally to require the flesh of the dead for incantations
or magical compositions, but very often they are actuated by
the sole desire of rending the sleeping corpse, and disturbing
its repose. There is every probability that these ghouls were
no mere creations of the imagination, but were actual resurrectionists.
Human fat and the hair of a corpse which has grown in the grave,
form ingredients in many a necromantic receipt, and the witches
who compounded these diabolical mixtures, would unearth corpses
in order to obtain the requisite ingredients. It was the same
in the middle ages, and to such an extent did the fear of ghouls
extend, that it was common in Brittany for churchyards to be
provided with lamps, kept burning during the night, that witches
might be deterred from venturing under cover of darkness to open
the graves.
Fornari gives the following story of a ghoul in his History
of Sorcerers:
In the beginning of the 15th century, there lived at Bagdad
an aged merchant who had grown wealthy in his business, and who
had an only son to whom he was tenderly attached. He resolved
to marry him to the daughter of another merchant, a girl of considerable
fortune, but without any personal attractions. Abul-Hassan, the
merchant's son, on being shown the portrait of the lady, requested
his father to delay the marriage till he could reconcile his
mind to it. Instead, however, of doing this, he fell in love
with another girl, the daughter of a sage, and he gave his father
no peace till he consented to the marriage with the object of
his affections. The old man stood out as long as he could, but
finding that his son was bent on acquiring the hand of the fair
Nadilla, and was equally resolute not to accept the rich and
ugly lady, he did what most fathers, under such circumstances,
are constrained to do, he acquiesced.
The wedding took place with great pomp and ceremony, and a
happy honeymoon ensued, which might have been happier but for
one little circumstance which led to very serious consequences.
Abul-Hassan noticed that his bride quitted the nuptial couch
as soon as she thought her husband was asleep, and did not return
to it, till an boar before dawn.
Filled with curiosity, Hassan one night feigned sleep, and
saw his wife rise and leave the room as usual. He followed cautiously,
and saw her enter a cemetery. By the straggling moonbeams he
beheld her go into a tomb; he stepped in after her.
The scene within was horrible. A party of ghouls were assembled
with the spoils of the graves they had violated., and were feasting
on the flesh of the long-buried corpses. His own wife, who, by
the way, never touched supper at home, played no inconsiderable
part in the hideous banquet.
As soon as he could safely escape, Abul-Hassan stole back
to his bed.
He said nothing to his bride till next evening when supper
was laid, and she declined to eat; then he insisted on her partaking,
and when she positively refused, he exclaimed wrathfully, "Yes,
you keep your appetite for your feast with the ghouls!"
Nadilla was silent; she turned pale and trembled, and without
a word sought her bed. At midnight she rose, fell on her husband
with her nails and teeth, tore his throat, and having opened
a vein, attempted to suck his blood; but Abul-Hassan springing
to his feet threw her down, and with a blow killed her. She was
buried next day.
Three days after, at midnight, she re-appeared, attacked her
husband again, and again attempted to suck his blood. He fled
from her, and on the morrow opened her tomb, burned her to ashes,
and cast them into the Tigris.
This story connects the ghoul with the vampire. As will be
seen by a former chapter, the were-wolf and the vampire are closely
related.
That the ancients held the same belief that the witches violate
corpses, is evident from the third episode in the Golden
Ass of Apuleius. I will only quote the words of the crier:
"I pray thee, tell me," replied I, "of what
kind are the duties attached to this funeral guardianship?"
"Duties!" quoth the crier; "why, keep wide awake
all night, with thine eyes fixed steadily upon the corpse, neither
winking nor blinking, nor looking to the right nor looking to
the left, either to one side or the other, be it even little;
for the witches -- infamous wretches that they are! -- can slip
out of their skins in an instant and change themselves into the
form of any animal they have a mind; and then they crawl along
so slyly, that the eyes of justice, nay, the eyes of the sun
himself, are not keen enough to perceive them. At all events,
their wicked devices are infinite in number and variety; and
whether it be in the shape of a bird, or a dog, or a mouse, or
even of a common house-fly, that they exercise their dire incantations,
if thou art not vigilant in the extreme, they will deceive thee
one way or other, and overwhelm thee with sleep; nevertheless,
as regards the reward, 'twill be from four to six aurei; nor,
although 'tis a perilous service, wilt thou receive more. Nay,
hold! I had almost forgotten to give thee a necessary caution.
Clearly understand, that it the corpse be not restored to the
relatives entire, the deficient pieces of flesh torn off by the
teeth of the witches must be replaced from the face of the sleepy
guardian."
Here we have the rending of corpses connected with change
of form.
Marcassus relates that after a long war in Syria, during the
night troops of lamias, female evil spirits, appeared upon the
field of battle, unearthing the hastily buried bodies of the
soldiers and devouring the flesh off their bones. They were pursued
and fired upon, and some young men succeeded in killing a considerable
number; but during the day they had all of them the forms of
wolves or hyænas. That there is a foundation of truth in
these horrible stories, and that it is quite possible for a human
being to be possessed of a depraved appetite for rending corpses,
is proved by an extraordinary case brought before a court-martial
in Paris, so late as July 10th, 1849.
The details are given with fulness in the Annales Medico-psychologiques
for that month and year. They are too revolting for reproduction.
I will, however, give an outline of this remarkable case.
In the autumn of 1848, several of the cemeteries in the neighbourhood
of Paris were found to have been entered during the night, and
graves to have been rifled. The deeds were not those of medical
students, for the bodies had not been carried off, but were found
lying about the tombs in fragments. It was at first supposed
that the perpetration of these outrages must have been a wild
beast, but footprints in the soft earth left no doubt that it
was a man. Close watch was kept at Père la Chaise; but
after a few corpses had been mangled there, the outrages ceased.
In the winter, another cemetery was ravaged, and it was not
'til March in 1849 that a spring gun which had been set in the
cemetery of S. Parnasse went off during the night and warned
the guardians of the place that the mysterious visitor had fallen
into their trap. They rushed to the spot, only to see a dark
figure in a military mantle leap the wall and disappear in the
gloom. Marks of blood, however, gave evidence that he had been
hit by the gun when it had discharged. At the same time, a fragment
of blue cloth, torn from the mantle, was obtained and afforded
a clue towards the identification of the ravisher of the tombs.
On the following day, the police went from barrack to barrack,
inquiring whether officer or man were suffering from a gun-shot
wound. By this means they discovered the person. He was a junior
officer in the 1st Infantry regiment, of the name of Bertrand.
He was taken to the hospital to be cured of his wound, and
on his recovery, he was tried by court-martial.
His history was this:
He had been educated in the theological seminary of Langres,
till, at the age of twenty, he entered the army. He was a young
man of retiring habits, frank and cheerful to his comrades, so
as to be greatly beloved by them, of feminine delicacy and refinement,
and subject to fits of depression and melancholy. In February,
1847, as he was walking with a friend in the country, he came
to a churchyard, the gate of which stood open. The day before
a woman had been buried, but the sexton had not completed filling
in the grave, and he had been engaged upon it on the present
occasion, when a storm of rain had driven him to shelter. Bertrand
noticed the spade and pick lying beside the grave, and -- to
use his own words: -- "A cette vue des idées noires
me vinrent, j'eus comme un violent mal de tête, mon coeur
battait avec force, je ne me possédais plus."
He managed by some excuse to get rid of his companion, and then
returning to the churchyard, he caught up a spade and began to
dig into the grave.
"Soon I dragged the corpse out of the earth, and I began
to hash it with the spade, without well knowing what I was about.
A labourer saw me, and I laid myself flat on the ground 'til
he was out of sight, and then I cast the body back into the grave.
I then went away, bathed in a cold sweat, to a little grove where
I reposed for several hours, notwithstanding the cold rain which
fell, in a condition of complete exhaustion. When I rose, my
limbs were as if broken, and my head weak. The same prostration
and sensation followed each attack.
"Two days after, I returned to the cemetery, and opened
the grave with my hands. My hands bled, but I did not feel the
pain; I tore the corpse to shreds, and flung it back into the
pit."
He had no further attack for four months, 'til his regiment
came to Paris. As he was one day walking in the gloomy, shadowy,
alleys of Père la Chaise, the same feeling came over him
like a flood. In the night he climbed the wall, and dug up a
little girl of seven years old. He tore her in half. A few days
later, he opened the grave of a woman who had died in childbirth,
and had lain in the grave for thirteen days. On the 16th November,
he dug up an old woman of fifty, and, ripping her to pieces,
rolled among the fragments. He did the same to another corpse
on the 12th December. These are only a few of the numerous cases
of violation of tombs to which he owned. It was on the night
of the 15th March that the spring-gun shot him.
Bertrand declared at his trial, that whilst he was in the
hospital he had not felt any desire to renew his attempts, and
that he considered himself cured of his horrible propensities,
for he had seen men dying in the beds around him, and now: "Je
suis guéri, car aujourd'hui j'ai peur d'un mort."
The fits of exhaustion which followed his accesses are very
remarkable, as they precisely resemble those which followed the
berserkir rages of the Northmen and the expeditions of the Lycanthropists.
The case of M. Bertrand is indubitably most singular and anomalous;
it scarcely bears the character of insanity, but seems to point
rather to a species of diabolical possession. At first the accesses
chiefly followed upon his drinking wine, but after a while they
came upon him without exciting cause. The manner in which he
mutilated the dead was different. Some he chopped with the spade,
others he tore and ripped with his teeth and nails. Sometimes
he tore the mouth open and rent the face back to the ears, he
opened the stomachs, and pulled off the limbs. Although he dug
up the bodies of several men he felt no inclination to mutilate
them, whereas he delighted in rending female corpses. He was
sentenced to a year's imprisonment.
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